Critically Analyse The Key Factors Involved On A...

CID Number: 00796902 Module Lead: Word Count: Essay Title: â€Å"Critically analyse the key factors involved in translating policy into practice to achieve successful delivery of health care?† â€Å"Critically analyse the key factors involved in translating policy into practice to achieve successful delivery of health care?† To deliver better care and outcomes, there is a need for evidence-based policy to be implemented successfully (1). Policy change can achieve impacts and sustainability beyond what is possible through standalone services or projects (2). Designing a policy and then translating it into practice is â€Å"a messy business† and requiring understanding of the policy context, design processes, the underlying values and beliefs†¦show more content†¦Here policy takes an incremental approach where decision makers take current practice as given, and make small incremental adjustments in that behaviour, resulting in gradual policy change (5). In the real world, policy making is more complex. In reaction to â€Å"rational approaches† the â€Å"garbage can† model of decision was developed to remove any assumption of rationality. This asserts that rational approaches suggest a greater level of intention, comprehension of problems, and predictability of relations among actors than found in reality (3). Additional elements work against rational policy making including the cognitive limitation of decision maker to consider all possible options and foresee all consequences. Ingram argued that policy problems are not neutral but subjectively identified through a political exercise based on values, interpretation and the subjectivity of policy-makers (6). Pluralist-elitist models recognise the distribution of power and how this affects decision-making, proposing that the power to inï ¬â€šuence policy is concentrated in the hands of a few (2). The underlying suggestion of these theories is that policy is not scientifically or rationally constructed, with the conclusion that implementation attempts are constrained from the start. Punctuated equilibrium theory outlines that when conditions are right, change

Studies of Religion One Unit Hsc †Secularism Speech Free Essays

What is secularism? Secularism is the belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society. Oxford dictionary defines â€Å"secular† as â€Å"concerned with the affairs of the world, not religious or spiritual† so in this sense all civil government is â€Å"secular†. The only civil governments that are not fully secular in this sense are Vatican City and some fundamentalist Moslem states. We will write a custom essay sample on Studies of Religion One Unit Hsc – Secularism Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now The governments of all the major countries in the world – including Australia, the USA, Great Britain, New Zealand, Italy, India, etc are all secular governments. There are multiple factors which have contributed to the decline of religion’s relevance for the integration and legitimation of modern life. The increasing pluralism and materialism of society alongside society’s increasing individualism and dissatisfaction with traditional religions are major reasons for secularisation. This trend is most evident in the significant increase in the number of people responding â€Å"No religion† in the census alongside an overall decline in the Christian figures recorded in the census Interfaith Dialogue and growing secularism. Since World War II, Australia’s population has grown and become more diverse and Australians have become more secular in nature. Secularists believe that people are comfortable without the reference to God in their lives. There are a number of reasons for the increase in secularism in Australia; these include increasing pluralism i. e. the acceptance of all religions as equal; individualism and materialism – spirituality may be overlooked when power, looks, possessions and fame are offered instead. What Impact did Secularism have on the Religious landscape of Australia post 1945? The rise of secularism has led to both a drop in the numbers of people regularly attending religious service. In 1947 only 0. 3% of the population classified themselves as having â€Å"No Religion†. However, in 1971 the instruction â€Å"if no religion, write none† was introduced into the census. This saw a seven-fold increase from the previous census year in the percentage of persons stating they had no religion (0. 8% in 1966 to 6. 7% in 1971). Thus many people who would have previously fallen under the â€Å"Not Stated† category were now included. Since 1971 this percentage has progressively increased to about 16. 5% in 1996, with a dip to 15. % in 2001. The 2001 census figures reveal that Christianity is still the numerically largest religious tradition in Australia accounting for 68. 0% of the population. However, there has been a significant decline in the percentage of people affiliated with Christianity. Furthermore, of those claiming affiliation there ha s been a decline in the regular attendance of religious services. The ongoing decline in most Christian groups as a percentage of the population is due to increasing secularization as well as other factors such as dissatisfaction with traditional religious movements, aging membership, and a lack of migrant intake. Effects of secularism †¢Loss of religious values. †¢Lack of religious church practice – civil marriages, non religious funerals, shopping malls (the new cathedrals) †¢Seeking alternative â€Å"religions† or â€Å"forms of spirituality†. †¢Social standing of clergy/church – trustworthiness †¢Political social action – Marxism, Green Movement etc. †¢Influence of scientific humanism, economic rationalism †¢Rise of New Age Religions which focus on personal satisfaction, wealth, self help groups, happiness, mind and spirit exhibitions, personal meditation, affirmation environmental â€Å"sit – ins†. These have all attained quasi religious status. How to cite Studies of Religion One Unit Hsc – Secularism Speech, Essay examples

Project Procurement Management Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Procurement Management Process. Answer: Project Procurement Management Process It is a way of establishing relations with the suppliers to facilitate the ordering, reception, reviewing and approval of all purchases made for project implementation (de Arajo et al, 2017). Following the Victorian Government Purchasing Boards (VGPB) policies and practices as advised by his CEO, would make Jims work lengthy due to the involvement of more parties. For example, the accountable officer would need to conduct an audit of the organizations compliance with the VGPB supply policies and report back. this would bring more productivity to Federation Enterprises if it was spent on actualizing the procurement and building of the ship (Eriksson et al, 2017). For a successful procurement, Jim Kirk should ensure that his company follow the major steps involved in this process which are: Specification: the purchasing department is responsible for stipulating the required products to the vendor after thorough discussion of these item with the project manager. Supplier Contact: Federation Enterprises can then proceed to requesting for information, quotations and tenders from Vulcan Dream Tour, after ensuring that this institution is the best supplier depending on quality, cost and delivery systems. Contracting: this entails creation of a procurement contract which communicates the delivery and payment methods within the organizations project budget. Jim Kirk should ensure that the contract already made is legally enforceable and it is in the best interests of the organization. Control: to ensure successful procurement, the purchasing department must have some level of control on the procured items through tracking delivery, checking the purchased goods against the orders made and making the necessary changes to the procurement contract. Measurement: this involves coming up with a performance system to identify the success of the purchase including communications with the suppliers, performance of the procurers and Vulcan Dream Tours adherence to the products specifications. Project Management Plan It is a formal and approved document which is developed by the project manager in consideration of the stakeholders and the project teams inputs, to control, execute and monitor the project. It is meant to ensure that the project is undertaken within the set budget, completed on time and the performance is measured against the set standards and policies (Uyarra et al, 2017). Procurement Documents These are the documents involved in the procurement cycle and are crucial in the early periods of project instigation, that is, they aid in the bidding and submitting of the project proposals and work facets that makeup a project. They include; a request for quotation (RFQ), request for proposal (RFP), request for information (RFI) and amendment documents. Projects Performance Evaluation Performance Review: This is a periodic undertaking to check the running of the project and offer the required support to the project team, thus it involves direct communication with the team members. It is carried out by the project manager, while referring to the projects objectives and the expected results. A project review should be documented for future reference. Reporting: This involves communicating the project progress, forecasting future plans and gathering and disseminating project information to the relevant stakeholders. Performance reports take either graphical or tabular formats. This can be effectively done by noting the project overview, using visualized data and using the same report format consistently for easy analysis by the stakeholders. Auditing:this is done to understand the project feasibility and ensure the projects management is in sync with the objectives. Closing Phase The key considerations during project closure include acceptance of the project deliverables, finalizing the lessons learnt, and writing the project report. Risks Involved: during the closing phase several risks such as lost or damaged items in transit, one party discrediting the procurement agreement, failure by Vulcan Dream Tours to meet the products specifications.These risks can be avoided or mitigated by ensuring that the risk breakdown structure is examined and that there are serious consequences to either of the participants for failure to honor the procurement contract (Olson, D.L. and Wu, D.D., 2017). The risk arrangement on risk transfer or sharing should also be binding and both Federation Enterprises and Vulcan Dream Tours should adhere to its terms. VGPB Procurement Policies Contract Management and Disclosure Policy: this rule states that all organizations must disclose all the key details concerning the procurement contract. Since this not an under-head contract, Jim Kirk must revealall the material concerning the convention if it proves to be worth more than 100 thousand Australian dollars. Evaluation,negotiation and selection: According to this policy, assessment of the procured productsrequireshighstandardsofintegrityandorganizedapplicationofvaluationcriteriaandweightings. This is for assurance purposes that the procurement agreement has been honored and the items delivered are of good quality and cost as per the participants arrangement. References Uyarra, E., Flanagan, K., Magro, E. and Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J.M., 2017. Anchoring the innovation impacts of public procurement to place: The role of conversations.Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, p.2399654417694620. de Arajo, M.C.B., Alencar, L.H. and de Miranda Mota, C.M., 2017. Project procurement management: A structured literature review.International Journal of Project Management,35(3), pp.353-377. Olson, D.L. and Wu, D.D., 2017. Enterprise Risk Management in Projects. InEnterprise Risk Management Models(pp. 161-173). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Perrenoud, A., Lines, B.C., Savicky, J. and Sullivan, K.T., 2017. Using Best-Value Procurement to Measure the Impact of Initial Risk-Management Capability on Qualitative Construction Performance.Journal of Management in Engineering,33(5), p.04017019. Papke-Shields, K.E. and Boyer-Wright, K.M., 2017. Strategic planning characteristics applied to project management.International Journal of Project Management,35(2), pp.169-179. Eriksson, P.E. and Eriksson, P.E., 2017. Procurement strategies for enhancing exploration and exploitation in construction projects.Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction,22(2), pp.211-230.